The largest number of drug-resistant epilepsies occur in childhood, which is associated primarily with early maturation of excitatory glutamatergic and delay the formation of the brake GABAergic systems. This can cause the development of resistance due to the predominance of excitatory neuron pool of brake and confirmation of neural network theory. The theory of neural networks is confirmed not only in the study of drug-resistant epilepsies of childhood.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Researches of human population genomic variety and scenarios of its genetic pool formation arc one of perspective directions of modem genetics. Prompt progress in this field has allowed defining the basic routes of continents settlement. However the information about Central Asian (CA) populations even on «classical» genetic markers has accidental, fragmentary character, and requires additional large-scale investigations. Besides, according to historical, archeological, paleontological and some anthropogenetic studies, given region was playing certain role in ancient moving of modem human ancestors throughout Eurasian continent. Therefore it is extremely important to summarize and perform complex assessment of new and collected data on Central Asian populations as practically there arc no multivariate analyses studies of given region as a complex population system.
In studies of human population genetic structure arc usually used various approaches allowing understanding concept of populations subdivision and character of genetic relationships between them. Among these techniques the prominent place belongs to approaches based on an assessment of genetic distances between populations with their subsequent analysis by multivariate statistics methods. For even more compelling picture of the relationships between the populations on tree diagram we composed «the genetic landscape» of area, where the description of population genetic structure is presented by equally spaced figures consistently consolidating populations according to their genetic distances from each other and thus creating a genetic landscape. This approach is not only a tool for elementary population boundary detection, but also can be effectively used for identification of borders and sizes of population as naturalistic unit.
Multigcnctic landscape is a collection of different genetic systems which arc specific to the region and ethnic groups, which have their geographical areas, their geographical, historical and cultural boundaries. Gene flows arc run through these conventional boundaries, but they arc less intense than in the limits of area. These limits arc ambiguous and fluid, but it is real. You can identify them by studying, for example, the structure of marriage migration. Therefore anthropogenesis of different populations will inevitably differ from each other. Ethnogenetic composition tends to change over time, from generation to generation, and hence there is a need to understand the structure of the genepool, not only at a given time, but also in the study of genetic processes that form and reform the gcncpooL In this regard, the studying of multigcnctic landscapes is in close contact with the demographics, medical and genetic ecology, anthropology, ethnology, archeology and history of the peoples, that is, with a range of areas, not only natural, but also the humanities knowleges.
Study of genomic diversity is important not only to address questions of origin and genetic history of different ethnic groups, but is also the basis for molecular epidemiology of hereditary and multifactor diseases. Each region is characterized by a specific set of common genetically determined diseases. To understand the causes of the prevalence of disease in different regions, and to develop approaches to their early DNA diagnosis and effective prevention, initially it is necessary to conduct population-based studies, which determine the development of the disease.
Purpose of research is to implement a comprehensive description of the structure of indigenous Central Asian populations genetic pool, examine demographic, phylogenetic and evolutionary features of Central Asian populations through the analysis of genetic variety of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal (NRY), autosomal, X-chromosomal microsatcllites and immunogcnetic variants of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and hepatitis В virus (HB V).
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
specification of immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV, allocated at the patients in Central Asian region, with the subsequent comparative phylogenetic analysis of H.pylori and HBV regional versions with those in other regions of the world;
examination of genetic variety and degree of genetic differentiation of Central Asian populations according to classical population-genetic objects -polymorphisms of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal, autosomal and X- chromosomal STRs;
assessment of the Western and East-Eurasian lines of population inheritance contribution to Central Asian populations’ genetic pool at regional, ethnic, sub-cthnic levels and in a level of elementary populations;
reviewing of character of regional populations relationships by genetic variety of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers in view of ethnographic, social and linguistic data;
evaluation of sex-specific genetic structure and the social organization according to polymorphisms of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal markers in the region;
determination of ancient ways of migrations and scripts of formation of Central Asian populations according to mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers and immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV',
evaluation of ethnogenetic position of studied Central Asian populations in the system of genetic pools of Eurasia and the world in general through comparative analysis of all studied population-genetic parameters.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time was performed a study of genetic pool structure of 26 Central Asian populations from 6 ethnic groups as complete population systems using a wide range of genetic objects;
for the first time was made an assessment of informativeness of each type of genetic subjects. For the first time was received detailed characteristic of genetic pool structure of indigenous Central Asian population on the basis of variability lines of the spectrum of genetical objects;
for the first time was defined the ratio of Westem-and the East-Eurasian lines in a genepool of Central Asian population and were made an assessments of genetic variety level and genetic differentiation degree of regional populations as a whole;
for the first time phylogenetic analysis of major haplogroups of investigated genetic subjects was conducted;
for the first time the position of Central Asian population in population genetic pool system of surrounding regions and Eurasia in the whole was studied;
for the first time the evolutionary-adaptable mechanisms, necessary in the forecast of formations of multigenic pathologies in region were studied at 6 ethnoses of Central Asian.
CONCLUSION
1. H.pylori from Central Asian territory is similar to Western Europe isolates, and shaped by two ancestral populations genotype Ancestral Europe 1 (dominant) and Ancestral Europe2 and for AE1-genotype Central Asian region probably is the source. H.pylori from the territory of Central Asia form a separate cluster group: close relationship of Tadjik, Uzbek strains and Iranian isolates from the north of Iran is established. Kirghiz isolates were found to be closer to populations from territory of Siberia.
2. High diversity of HBV genotypes in Central Asia was found -4 genotypes (A, C, D, and G). Phylogenetic analysis of Central Asian genotype HBV-with options for other regions of the world showed a close relationship between the dominant genotype D (0,78), the D1-subtype with variants of the virus in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
3. The rates of genetic affinity for STR-NRY in Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks Turtkul at the level of the same lineage were high: 0,58 (p<0,001); 0,34 (p<0,01) and 0,77 (p<0,001), respectively. The coefficients of relationship at the level of clan for Kazakhs, Turkmens, Uzbeks and Karakalpaks from Kungrad and Turtkul were lower: 0,30 (r<0,01); 0,21 (p<0,001) and 0,40 (r<0,001); 0,07 (p<0,05) and 0,09 (p<0,05), respectively. At the level of the tribe, the indicators were negative for all Turkic populations: -0,02 (r<0,05);-0,04 (r<0,001);-0,07 (p<0,01); -0,0011 (r<0,1) and -0,10 (r<0,01), respectively.
4. The analysis of mtDNA HVS-1 showed that total rate of differentiation level for all populations was low: FST=0,013; p<0,0001. Level of diversity between groups was 0,6% (p<0,001) of the total variability. Parameter of genetic differences between Turkic and Indo-Iranian populations made 0,55% (p<0,0283) of the total genetic variability. The rate of genetic differentiation on a sub-ethnic level was significantly expressed in Indo-Iranian group (FST=0,0197;r<0,001) than among the Turkic-speaking (0,3%; p=0,10). In all populations, in general, wasn‟t detected the correlation between genetic and geographic distances at the global level on mtDNA HVS-1: r=0,00682; p=0,502.
5. Analysis of STR-NRY showed that the level of the genetic differentiation between ethnic groups was 5,6% (p<0,02); general differentiation between populations made RST=0,186 (p<0,001). Combined analysis, taking into account the language and way of life of Turkic and Indo Iranian populations, showed the general differences between the two groups – 9,1% Value of genetic differentiation when comparing the ethnos-ethnos was slightly lower than the level within ethnos: 5,6% among ethnic groups, 18,6%, and 13,7%-between populations within the ethnic group.
6. Analysis of heterozygosity (H) and the average number of pairwise differences (p) of mtDNA, were high in nomadic populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,29) and farmer populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,32). Heterozygosity (H) on Y- chromosome was lower in nomadic groups than in the agrarian – 0,86 and 0,99,respectively (p<0,01). Nomadic populations exhibit a higher level of population differentiation (RST) in comparison with farmers - 0,19 and 0,06, respectively (p<0,01). Indicators of population growth (r) were lower in nomadic populations compared with farmers - 1,004 and 1,008, respectively (p=0,056).
7. The level of genetic differentiation in all ethnic groups was higher on the Y chromosome in comparison with mtDNA. The farming populations showed no significant difference in the genetic differentiation FST (Y)=0,069 and FST (mtDNA)=0,034, while among patrilineal nomadic population the level of genetic diversity was higher in the male line of inheritance - FST(Y)=0,177 and FST (mtDNA)=0,010. Genetic diversity of population structure in patrilineal nomads on autosomal and X-linked markers were: FST (A)=0,008 (0,006-0,010) and FST (X)=0,011 (0,001-0,004) (H0: FST(A)=FST(X); H1: FST(A)>FST(X); p=0,02). In bilinear farmer populations the differences of autosomal and X-chromosomal markers were insignificant: FST (A)=0,014 (0,012-0,016) and FST (X)=0,013 (0,008-0,018 at p=0,36).
8. Analysis of mtDNA indicated that the age of expansion on the territory of Eurasia (τw) declined significantly from East to West (r=0,72; p<0,001). The age of expansion had a pronounced tendency to decrease from 30 thousand years in China to 17 thousand years in Western Europe. Age of expansion in Central Asia amounted to 26 thousand years. Results of expansion analysis on NRY also show a decrease in genetic diversity from the East to the West of Eurasia (r=0,49; p<0,001). In Central Asia this age was 16 thousand yrs. According STRs-NRYBatwing analysis of the minimal age of Uzbek population origin was 1232,71 yrs old (Ne=14088 (6765-23942); α=0,0108 (0,0065-0,0155)).
9. The apportionment of multilocus genetic variations among ethnic and linguistic groups of Central Asian populations showed that more than 98% of all variations were within the population (p<0,0001). Evaluation of the ethnic and linguistic affiliations in the observed variations showed reliable conformity - FST=0,007; p<0,0001 and FST=0,011; p<0,0001, respectively. We didn‟t find evidence of geographical isolation within each of the Turkic and Indo Iranian groups of populations (p=0,363 and p=0,772, respectively).
10. Analysis of multilocus allelic diversity (AR) and heterozygosity (He) showed differences among the Central Asian and other populations in allelic variety (χ2 =105,29; d.f.=25; p<0,0001) and heterozygosity (χ2=67,98; d.f.=25; p<0,0001). Population differentiation at multilocus analysis at populations of Central Asia is more pronounced than in the other regions of Eurasia: in European and Middle Eastern groups pairwise estimation of FST ranged from 0,011 to 0,015 and -0,008-0,021, respectively; in East-Asian groups from -0,011 to 0,046; and finally, in Central Asia these rates ranged from -0,004 to 0,056. Heterozygosity was significantly higher in the group of the Indo-Iranian populations than among Turkic-speaking (He=0,818 and He=0,787, respectively; Z=-4, 55; p<0,0001). According to multilocus analysis all 26 Central Asian populations slightly but significantly differed (FST=0,015; CI99%=0,011-0,018; p<0,01).
Based on the developed synthesis method, two-core intra complex molecular compounds Zn (II) with vitamin U and a number of α-amino acids were obtained. The composition of the complexes has been established and some physical and chemical properties have been studied. The study of IR and electronic spectra established methods of coordination and configuration of complexes.
The article provides a review of literature sources in recent years devoted to the clinical and neurological features and pathogenetic aspects of diabetes mellitus in children. The etiopathogenetic and immunological mechanisms of encephalopathy development in children suffering from diabetes were analyzed, as well as diagnostic criteria and methods of modern therapy and prevention.
Выявление молекулярно - генетических, межструктурных особенностей генов DRD2 и DRD4 и их сетевые взаимодействия.
Острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения (ОНМК) - наиболее тяжелое заболевание центральной нервной системы. Количество инсульта в год во всем мире составляет около 15 миллионов случаев, в Узбекистане более 60 000.Качество оказываемой медицинской помощи больным данной категории не на должном уровне, что указывает на необходимость повышения качества и реорганизации медицинской помощи инсультным больным.
Тиреоидным гормонам принадлежит ведущая роль в обмене веществ, вследствие выраженного регулирующего влияния их на основные его функции . По нашим и литературным данным установлено, что тиреоидные гормоны секретируются в грудное молоко женщин и могут оказывать определённое воздействие на развивающийся организм новорождённых. В то же время, до настоящего времени в этом вопросе, нет окончательного мнения
Аффективно-респираторное состояние у новорожденных и детей до одного года встречается очень часто. Причины их различна и тактика лечения зависит от причины болезни. В связи с чем очень важно изучить этиологию болезни.
Pituitary adenomas are the third most common primary intracranial tumors. Aggressive pituitary adenomas are a rare form of adenomas that pose a particular problem in diagnosis and treatment due to the lack of clear prognostic markers. This review provides an update on diagnostic criteria and discusses the clinical, immunologicaland molecular genetic aspects of aggressive pituitary adenomas.
The new legislation in the field of environment law, relating to the issues protecting natural environment and using natural resources that will serve the further development in the next ten years o will be held in the following areas: Firstly, the legal circumstances of genetic engineering issues in the field of environment, secondly the energy efficiency (solar, wind, water, heat energy) and the environmental protection issues, thirdly development of ecological tourism activities in the priorities of attracting foreign and internal investment resources and technologies. Fourthly, the use of trans-boundary waters, along with transboundary waste issues.
The article presents the results of studies on the study of the exterior characteristics of black Karakul sheep and lambs of different curl types in the Aral Sea region. Differences in this indicator between queens and the offspring obtained from them have been established.
I ntroduction. At an international seminar devoted to CCP (Maryland, USA, 2004), researchers concluded that CCP is a clinical descriptive term, not an etiologic diagnosis, and includes a group of developmental disorders and body postures that limit activity that are caused by non progressive defeat of the developing brain of the fetus or child. Attention was drawn to the fact that motor disorders in cerebral palsy are often accompanied by sensory defects, changes in cognitive and communicative functions, perceptual disorders, behavior, and convulsive attacks [1,9]
“O‘quvchilar uchun natijaga erishish-o‘quv jarayonini takomillashtirishning eng samarali usuli: V.K.Starodubseva motivlar o‘quv jarayoni va materialni o‘zlashtirishning harakatlantiruvchi kuchidir”. Muallifning fikriga ko‘ra, natijaga erishish motivatsiyasi-bu shaxsning ma’lum bir o‘rganish mavzusiga ham, butun ta’lim jarayoniga munosabatini o‘zgartirishning juda samarali jarayonidir. E.A.Kuzmin so‘zlariga va Maslova T.M so‘zlariga ko‘ra: “O‘quvchi uchun hayotda yuqori cho‘qqilarga erishish va o‘z-o‘zini rivojlantirib borishi uchun doimiy muvaffaqiyatga intilish motivatsiyasi zarur hisoblanadi.” Amerjanova Sh.K so‘zlariga ko‘ra, “Bugungi kunda o‘quvchining muvaffaqiyati har bir inson hayoti samaradorligining asosiy ko‘rsatkichlaridan biridir
Ионы Ca 2+ являются универсальным регулятором метаболических процессов. Одним из механизмов, регулирующих концентрацию ионизированного Са 2+ в цитозоле, является его транспорт в митохондрии. Известно, что тиреоидные гормоны влияют на активный транспорт ионов Са 2+ in vivo и in vitro. Можно полагать, что гормоны могут оказывать свое действие на метаболизм; изменяя распределение ионов Са 2+ между митохондриями и цитозолем.
В настоящее время большой интерес представляет роль симбиотических микроорганизмов, населяющих кишечник человека, в этиологии и патогенезе различных болезней. Болезнь Паркинсона является одним из самых частых нейродегенеративных заболеваний, уступая по распространенности лишь болезни Альцгеймера, и представляет собой значительную медико социальную и экономическую проблему
Ишемическую болезнь сердца (ИБС) рассматривают в последнее время как полиэтиологическое заболевание с выраженной психосоматической детерминантой. На сегодняшний день существуют достаточно много теорий и моделей возникновения психосоматических факторов и способов их классификации, которые показывают, что невозможно расчленить изолированно психические и физиологические констелляции, которые могли бы охватить весь спектр проявлений при данном виде заболеваний. Однако все гипотезы в конечном итоге сводятся к тому, что психологическая дезадаптация - это один из глобальных факторов психосоматической патологии. Кроме того, одним из основных моментов развития заболеваний системы кровообращения является нарушение функции эндотелия сосудов, участие системного воспаления, иммунной активации в развитии и прогрессировании сердечной патологии, которые определяют неблагоприятный прогноз и высокий кардиоваскулярный риск. Не отрицается тот факт, что в основе перечисленных нарушений в организме лежат именно психосоматические факторы риска, которые недостаточно изучены и требуют дальнейшего рассмотрения.
По мере развития и прогрессирования ИБС повышается синтез провоспалительных цитокинов, таких как фактор нектроза опухоли -(ФНО-а), интерлейкин - 1(ИЛ-1), интерлейкин -6 (ИЛ-6) и др., которые в свою очередь, определяют развитие ремоделирования миокарда ЛЖ.
По данным литературы последних лет, сердце часто становиться органом, где реализуется повреждающее действие стресса, в результате чего психосоматические факторы оказывают существенное влияние на возникновение и прогрессирование ССЗ. К ним отосятся: депрессия, тревога, индивидуально-личностные черты, социальная изоляция и стресс. Многочисленные исследования показали, что депрессия наиболее распространена среди пациентов с нестабильными вариантами стенокардии, артериальной гипертензией, инфарктом миокарда и инсультом. Причины депрессии у больных с ишемическими болезнями сердца многофакторные и включают в себя также генетическую предрасположенность, стрессовые воздействия, биологические и психологические негативные факторы.
Возрастает значимость изучения повышения уровня мочевой кислоты в крови и взаимосвязи ее с различными вариантами клинического течения ИБС и различными полиморфными видами генов UR.AT1, GLUT9, TNF-a, что в свою очередь позволяют считать генотипы данных генов дополнительными маркерами повышенного риска развития заболевания в узбекской популяции. Выявлено влияние полиморфизма изучаемых генов на прогрессирование нестабильных вариантов стенокардии. В настоящее время до конца не ясно, что лежит в основе психосоматичского феномена у больных ИБС. Обсуждаются разные теории, которые могли бы объяснить «пересечение» разных аспектов патогенеза в этих нозологических формах. Одним из основных изучающих патогенетических аспектов является «цитокиновая» гипотеза. В основе этой гипотезы лежит предположение о том, что тревожно-депрессивный синдром проявляется при повышенной секреции провоспалительных цитокинов.
Значительный интерес в последние десятилетия отводится различным вариациям в генах, которые кодируют ферменты и участвуют в метаболизме гомоцистеина и фолиевой кислоты. Полиморфизмы генов мстионинсинтстазы (MTRR) A2756G, метионинсинтетазредуктазы (MTRR) A66G и
бетаингомоцистеинметидтрансферазы (ВНМТ) G742A участвуют в патогенезе и повышают риск его развития, что ещё раз доказывает влияние тревожно-депрессивного синдрома на механизмы течения ИБС. Однако по литературным источникам последних лет мы не увидели данные о взаимосвязи нескольких психосоматических факторов в прогрессировании коронарной болезни сердца, в частности между тревожно-депрессивным синдромом, гиперурикемией и цитокиновым дисбалансом.
Эти данные делают актуальным исследование, направленное на раскрытие взаимосвязи между различными патогенетическими звеньями в формировании и прогрессирование ИБС для разработки новых подходов к персонифицированной терапии.
Odamning ostritsa bilan zararlanishi doimiy davom etishi, ichak shilliq qavatining yallig'lanishi, terining qichishi tufayli yuzaga keladigan allergik holatlar bo'lib, kasallik ko'pincha 5 yoshdan 10 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalarda uchrashi.